3. Variations in dates, editions, titles and web addresses/URLs
This chapter includes guidelines for how to complete the part of the citation relating to dates, editions, titles, and web addresses. Guidelines for completing the full citation to be included in the reference list can be located in a different section of this guide.
| 1. NO PUBLICATION DATE |
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a) If the source does not include a date of publication, use n.d. in place of the year, which means ‘no date’.
b) When the year is not known but can be reliably estimated, use ‘c.’ (the abbreviation for circa) before the date both in-text and in the Reference list.
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| In-text |
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a) (Author Surname n.d.)
b) (Author Surname Estimated Year)
Examples:
a) Free copyright licenses … (Creative Commons n.d.).
b) Lloyd Webber’s (c. 1970) musical …
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| Reference |
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a) Author Surname, Initial n.d., see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
b) Author Surname, Initial c. Estimated Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Examples:
a) Creative Commons n.d., Share your work, viewed 26 July 2019, <https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/>.
b) Lloyd Webber, A c. 1970, Jesus Christ superstar, Leeds Music, London.
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- For 2nd or later editions, include the edition number after the title.
- Edition statements are included after the series title (when series titles occur)
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname Year, p. Page No.)
Examples:
… (Abbott 2008, p. 12).
Abbott (2008, p. 12) states that …
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| Reference |
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Author Surname/Organisation, Initial Year, Title, nth edn, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Example:
Abbott, HP 2008, The Cambridge introduction to narrative, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press.
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- Titles of books should be italicised. Use minimal capitalisation.
- Use the title that appears on the title page of the book, rather than the spine or cover of the book (as there may be variations between them).
- Series titles appear after the title in roman type (i.e. they are not italicised).
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname Year)
Example:
American politics has ….. (Reichard 2016, pp. 214-218).
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| Reference |
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Author Surname, Initial Year, Title: subtitle, series title, Publisher, Location.
Example:
Reichard, GW 2016, Deadlock and disillusionment: American politics since 1968, The American History Series, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
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- Angle brackets (<>) are placed around the web address to isolate the URL from any surrounding sentence punctuation.
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| In-text |
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Example:
More information can be found at The Body Shop Australia website <https://www.thebodyshop.com/enau/>.
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| Reference |
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Example:
The Body Shop Australia 2018, The Body Shop Australia, Mulgrave, Victoria, viewed 30 April 2018, <https://www.thebodyshop.com/enau/>.
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