| 1. SINGLE AUTHOR |
- In-text – add page numbers in text if required.
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname (Year, p. Page No.)
Examples:
… (Abbott 2008, p. 23, 25).
Abbott (2008, p. 23, 25) states that …
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| Reference |
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Author Surname, Author Initial Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Example:
Abbott, HP 2008, The Cambridge introduction to narrative, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press.
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| 2. TWO OR THREE AUTHORS |
- In-text: The ampersand (&) is used when the authors’ names are in brackets. Use ‘and’ when the authors’ names are used as part of the sentence.
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| In-text |
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(Author A Surname & Author B Surname Year, p. Page No.)
(Author A Surname, Author B Surname & Author C Surname Year, p. Page No.)
Examples:
The advantages of using proxy mode… (Kakadia & DiMambro 2004, p. 80).
Douglas, Papadopoulos and Boutelle (2009, p. 11) dispute the claim…
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| Reference |
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Author A Surname, Author A Initial & Author B Surname, Author B Initial Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Author A Surname, Author A Initial, Author B Surname, Author B Initial & Author C Surname, Author C Initial Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Example:
Kakadia, D & DiMambro, F 2004, Networking concepts and technology: a designer’s resource, Sun Microsystems Press, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Douglas, D, Papadopoulos, G & Boutelle, J 2009, Citizen engineer: a handbook for socially responsible engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
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| 3. MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS |
- In-text: For more than three (3) authors, use the first author only followed by ‘et al.’
- Reference list: All author names must be given in the reference list.
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname et al. Year, p. Page No.)
Examples:
Industry best practice (Beer et al. 2012, p. 54) suggests that…
Beer et al. (2012, p. 54) when discussing industry best practice…
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Author A Surname, Author A Initial, Author B Surname, Author B Initial, Author C Surname, Author C Initial & Author D Surname, Author D Initial Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Example:
Beer, TL, Johnston, AG, DeWolf, JY & Mazurek, PW 2012, Management for public services, Cambridge University Press.
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- Use the title in text and in the reference list. Do not use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon’.
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| In-text |
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(Title Year, p. Page No.)
Examples:
(The stage acquitted: being a full answer to Mr Collier, and other enemies of the drama 1996, pp. 21-2).
…as discussed in The stage acquitted: being a full answer to Mr Collier, and other enemies of the drama (1996, pp. 21-2).
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| Reference |
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Title Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Examples:
The stage acquitted: being a full answer to Mr Collier, and other enemies of the drama 1996, Routledge/Thoemmes, London.
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5. CORPORATE (GROUP) AUTHOR |
- The jurisdiction or country is not usually required for government agencies as it is indicated by the place of publication.
- Abbreviations such as CSIRO may be used in-text. The abbreviation should then be used for all in-text citation of that body and the reference list should provide a cross-reference from the abbreviation to the full organisational title:
- e.g. CSIRO see Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
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| In-text |
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(Name of Corporation Year, p. Page No.)
Examples:
The Office of the Aboriginal Land Commissioner (2001, pp. 2-3) highlights…
The erosion that has occurred in some areas of Queensland has devastated the land to such an extent… (Planning Committee for Soil Conservation, Queensland Graingrowers Association 1983, p. 9).
The Earth is affected by many systems that influence climate, these include sunlight, industry, forest processes and water cycles (Global Climate Change 2023).
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| Reference |
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Name of Corporation Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Examples:
Office of the Aboriginal Land Commissioner 2001, Urapunga land claim no. 159, Parliamentary paper, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra.
Planning Committee for Soil Conservation, Queensland Graingrowers Association 1983, Queensland planning committee for soil conservation report 1983, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane.
Global Climate Change 2023, The study of Earth as an integrated system, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena, California, viewed 22 January 2024,<https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/>.
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6. MULTIPLE WORKS BY SAME AUTHOR |
- Reference list – use the following order – single author entries followed by multiple author entries beginning with the same name (earliest dates first in each case).
- A long dash (2-em, approximately equivalent to 4-6 hyphens in length) can be used to replace that part of the author entry which is repeated. There is no space immediately after the dash.
- For two or more works by the same author(s) in the same year, list in alphabetical order by title.
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname Yearletter, p. Page No.)
Example:
A study suggests… (Lyon & Peters 2002a, p. 215).
It can be seen that… (Lyon & Peters 2002b, p. 27).
The work of Lyons and Peters illustrates… (Lyon & Peters 2002a, p. 215; 2002b, p. 27; 2008, p. 19).
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Author Surname, Author Initial Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
——Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
——, Author Surname, Author Initial & Author Surname, Author Initial Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Example:
Chaffee, J 1991, Thinking critically, 3rd edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
——1998, The thinker’s way: 8 steps to a richer life, Little, Brown and Company, Boston.
——, McMahon, C & Stout, B 2002, Critical thinking, thoughtful writing: a rhetoric with readings, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Lyon, H & Peters, R 2002a, The circus, Elton, Wembley, Australia.
——2002b, Clowns, Elton, Wembley, Australia.
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7. DIFFERENT AUTHORS WITH SAME SURNAME
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- Different authors with the same name are distinguished in-text by their initials.
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname, Initial Year) OR Author Initial Surname (Year)
Examples:
The theory was propounded by AE Smith (1981, p. 12), but has been refuted since (Smith, BR 1985, p. 65).
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| Reference |
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Author Surname, Author Initial Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Examples:
Smith, AE 1981, The theory of microeconomic policy, 3rd edn, Routledge, London.
Smith, BR 1985, Microeconomic policy frameworks in Australia, Prentice Hall, Sydney.
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8. EDITED BOOK/COLLECTION
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- If the role of an editor (or compiler, reviser, or translator) is of primary importance, list the work using those names in text. Use abbreviations such as ed., eds, comp., comps, trans. and rev.
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| In-text |
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(role of editor. Editor Surname Year, p. Page No.)
Example:
(ed. Brofenbrenner 1974, p. 27).
… edited by (Brofenbrenner 1974, p. 27).
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| Reference |
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Editor Surname, Initial (role abbreviation) Year, Title, Edition, Publisher, Place of Publication.
Example:
Brofenbrenner, U (ed.) 2005, Making human beings human: bioecological perspectives on human development, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
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9. AUTHORS CITING OTHER AUTHORS (SECONDARY CITATION)
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- In the reference list provide the details of the author who has done the citing. Details of the work of the author being cited – in this example, Brown – can be included if useful or of interest (but is not necessary).
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname of Primary Source, cited in Author Surname of Secondary Source Year, p. Page No.)
Example:
Brown (cited in Smith 1995, p. 99) reported …
… (Brown, cited in Smith 1995, p. 99).
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| Reference |
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Author Surname, Author Initial Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Example:
Smith, B 1995, Food processing technology, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
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10. MULTIPLE REFERENCES IN THE SAME PARENTHESES
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- When including two or more references in the same parentheses in a sentence, list all citations chronologically, separated by a semi-colon (;).
- In the reference list, include the sources you referenced in the parenthesis in alphabetical order.
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| In text |
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(Author Surname Year, p. Page No; Author Surname Year, p. Page No)
Example:
Narratives are useful in explaining difficult concepts to children (Griffith 1995, pp. 23-25; Abbott 2008, p. 23; Bailey 2018, p. 333)
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| Reference |
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Author Surname, Author Initial Year, see guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Example:
Abbott, HP 2008, The Cambridge introduction to narrative , 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press.
Bailey, AR 2018, ‘Nonfiction graphic novels in children’s literature: an interview with Maris Wicks and Calista Brill’, Language Arts , vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 332–337, viewed 13 February 2020, <https://www.proquest.com/docview/2036728380?accountid=14647&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals>.
Griffith, AI 1995, Coordinating family and school: mothering for schooling, Education Policy Analysis Archives, vol. 3, no. 1, viewed 12 February 2020,<http://olam.ed.asu.edu/epaa/>.
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