3. Variations in dates, editions, titles, DOIs and web addresses/URLs

This chapter includes guidelines for how to complete the part of the citation relating to dates, editions, titles, DOIs and web addresses. Guidelines for completing the full citation to be included in the reference list can be located in a different section of this guide.

In this chapter:
Specific dates Titles
No publication date DOIs and URLs
Editions
1. SPECIFIC DATES

a) Year – use only the year for books, journals and audiovisual material.

b) Including the month or season – if a journal or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month or season in the reference list entry.

c) Including the day – for dailies and weeklies, include the day in the reference list entry.

  • In-text, provide the year only, even when specific dates are provided in the reference list entry.
In-text

(Author Surname, Year)

Examples:

a) The environmental aspects of … (Calder, 2009).

b) Increased government support … (Clark, 2006).

c) In the 1960s … (USQ, 2017).
Reference

a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. Publisher.

b) Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month/Season). Title. Publisher.

c) Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title. Publisher.

Examples:

a) Calder, A. (2009). Compliance for a green IT: A pocket guide. IT Governance.

b) Clark, A. (2006, Autumn). Flying the flag for mainstream Australia. Griffith Review, (11), 53-59.

c) USQ [@usqedu]. (2017, August 17). #throwbackthursday to study in the 60’s and life before the internet [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BX4V9BIDKqu/
2. NO PUBLICATION DATE

a) If the source does not include a date of publication, use n.d. in place of the year, which means ‘no date’.

b) When the year is not known but can be reliably estimated, use ‘ca.’ (the abbreviation for circa) before the date and use square brackets in the Reference list.
In-text

a) (Author, n.d.)

b) (Author, Estimated Year)

Example:

a) Free copyright licenses … (Creative Commons, n.d.).

b) Lloyd Webber’s (ca. 1970) musical …

Reference

a) Author Surname, Initial. (n.d.). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

b) Author Surname, Initial. [ca. Estimated Year]. See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

a) Creative Commons. (n.d.). Share your work. https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/

b) Lloyd Webber, A. [ca. 1970]. Jesus Christ superstar. Leeds Music.
3. EDITIONS
  • For 2nd or later editions, include the edition number after the title, in brackets.
In-text

(Author Surname, Year)

Example:

The American Psychiatric Association (2001) states …
Reference

Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). Publisher.

Example:

American Psychiatric Association. (2001). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
4. TITLES
  • If a title has two subtitles, use a colon between the title and subtitle and between the subtitle and the second subtitle.
  • In the reference list, italicise the title of works that stand alone (e.g. books, e-books, reports, webpages).  Do not italicise the title of works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. journal articles, book chapters, newspaper articles).
In-text

(Author Surname, Year)

Example:

Church laws would show … (Church of England, 1877).
Reference

Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle: Second subtitle. See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Church of England. Archdeaconry of Maidstone. (1877). The church in its divine constitution and office, and in its relations with the civil power: A charge delivered to the clergy of the Archdeaconry of Maidstone at the ordinary visitation in May 1877: With notes (Talbot Collection of British Pamphlets). https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t0qr5116j&view=1up&seq=11
5. DOIs and URLs

a) DOI – when a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is required. The doi should be in URL format: https://doi.org.xxx, with no full stop.

b) No DOI – if you obtained the article through a USQ database, treat the article as if it were a print version: no URL required.

c) No DOI, if you did not obtain the article via a USQ database, include the direct URL to the article, if available.
In-text
(Author Surname, Year)

Examples:

a) A study states that … (Radford, 2001).

b) MacLean (2014) states that …

c) The survey found … (Brooks, 2002).
Reference

a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Range. https://doi.org.xxx

b) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Range.

c) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Range. URL

Examples:

a) Radford, M. (2001). Aesthetic and religious awareness among pupils: Similarities and differences. British Journal of Music Education, 18, 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051701000249

b) MacLean, M. (2014). Truth and reality in screening sports’ pasts: Sports films, public history and truthfulness. Journal of Sport History, 41(1), 47-54.

c) Brooks, R. G., Walsh, M., Mardon, R. E., Lewis, M., & Clawson, A. (2002). The roles of nature and nurture in the recruitment and retention of primary care physicians in rural areas: A review of the literature. Academic Medicine, 77(8), 790-798. https://tinyurl.com/yceskbxb

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UniSQ APA 7 Referencing Guide Copyright © by University of Southern Queensland. All Rights Reserved.

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