2. Variations in authors/creators

• Include the author surname and the year of publication in every in-text citation.

(Author Surname, Year)

Examples:

The environmental aspects of… (Calder, 2009).

Calder (2009) states that …

Author Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Calder, A. (2009). Compliance for green IT: A pocket guide. IT Governance.

• Include both author surnames and the year of publication in every in-text citation.
• Cite the authors in the order they appear in the source.
• Use ‘&’ when in brackets and in the Reference list. Use ‘and’ in running text.

(Author A Surname & Author B Surname, Year)

Examples:

The research challenges… (Bernstein & Tiegerman, 1989).

Bernstein and Tiegerman (1989) have illustrated…

Author A Surname, Initial., & Author B Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Bernstein, D. K., & Tiegerman, E. (1989). Language and communication disorders in children (2nd ed.). Merrill.

• Provide the first author surname only, followed by “et al.” and year of publication for every in-text citation.
• Include all author surnames and initials in the Reference list
• Cite the authors in the order they appear in the source.

(Author A Surname et al., Year)

Example:

(Curwen et al., 2000)

Author A Surname, Initial., Author B Surname, Initial., Author C Surname, Initial., Author D Surname, Initial., & Author E Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

*Note: Authors A-E are presented above.  If the source you need to cite has more than five authors, follow the format above and continue to add as many author names as required, up to twenty (i.e. Authors F-T).

Example:

Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive behaviour therapy. Sage.

• Provide the first author surname only, followed by “et al.” and year of publication for every in-text citation.
• For the Reference list, include the first nineteen author names, followed by an ellipses (…) and then the final author’s name.
• Cite the authors in the order they appear in the source.

(First Author Surname et al., Year)

Examples:

Oliveros et al. (2019) discussed …

Strategies aimed … (Oliveros et al., 2019).

Author A Surname, Initial., Author B Surname, Initial., Author C Surname, Initial., Author D Surname, Initial., Author E Surname, Initial., Author F Surname, Initial., Author G Surname, Initial., Author H Surname, Initial., Author I Surname, Initial., Author J Surname, Initial., Author K Surname, Initial., Author L Surname, Initial., Author M Surname, Initial., Author N Surname, Initial., Author O Surname, Initial., Author P Surname, Initial., Author Q Surname, Initial., Author R Surname, Initial., Author S Surname, Initial., … Author (Final) Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Examples:

Oliveros, C. H., Field, D. J., Ksepka, D. T., Barker, F. K., Aleixo, A., Andersen, M. J., Alstrom, P., Benz, B. W., Braun, E. L., Braun, M. J., Bravo, G. A., Brumfield, R. T., Chesser, R. T., Claramunt, S., Cracraft, J., Cuervo, A. M., Derryberry, E. P., Glenn, T. C., Harvey, M. G., … Faircloth, B. C. (2019). Earth history and the passerine superradiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 116(16), 7916-7925. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813206116

a) Anonymous

• If the work is signed ‘Anonymous’, treat it as if ‘Anonymous’ is the author’s true name. This is the only time Anonymous should be used.

b) No author/editor

• Move the title to the author position. In text, use the first few words of the title, or the whole title if short.
• If the title of the work is italicised in the reference list, italicise the title in-text.  If the title is not italicised in the reference list, use double quotation marks around the title in-text and use title case.

a) (Anonymous, Year)

b) (Title (shortened), Year)

(“Title (shortened),” Year)

Examples:

a) … as was argued (Anonymous, 1996).

b) These effects can be seen in … (Psychological effects, 1999).

Psychological effects (1999) illustrated that …

The case aligns with … (“Psychotherapy,” 2019).

a) Anonymous. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

b) Title/Title. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Examples:

a) Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors: A novel of politics. Random House.

b) Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction: A survey of the psychological side of so-called “designer drugs”. (1999). Chelsea House.

Psychotherapy. (2019). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy

• Spell out all Corporate (Group) author names in full in the reference list entry.
• Abbreviations can be used in-text. Use the full Group Author name the first time in-text, followed by the abbreviation.  Abbreviate the name for second and subsequent in-text citations (refer to example ‘c’).
• If a group author name consists of multiple levels of Government agencies, provide only the most specific level in the reference list entry.
• If individual author names appear on the title or cover page of the work, treat them as the author and use the Group name in the source element of the reference list entry.
• If multiple agencies/corporations have authored together, join the names with an ampersand (&), using commas to separate the names of three or more agencies.

(Organisation, Year)

Examples:

a) Church laws would show … (Church of England, 1877).

b) Nicotine has been shown … (Office of the Surgeon General, 1988).

c) Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2008) released information… (first citation in-text, narrative style)

The released information (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2008)… (first citation in-text, paranthetical style)

The released information (ABS, 2008)… (second and subsequent citation in-text)

Organisation Name. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Examples:

a) Church of England. (1877). The church in its divine constitution and office, and in its relations with the civil power: A charge delivered to the clergy of the Archdeaconry of Maidstone at the ordinary visitation in May 1877: With notes (Talbot Collection of British Pamphlets). https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t0qr5116j&view=1up&seq=11

b) Office of the Surgeon General. (1988). The health consequence of smoking: Nicotine addiction: A report of the Surgeon General (DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406). Centre for Health Promotion and Education, Office of Smoking and Health. https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/nn/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584932X437-doc

c) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia (Catalogue No. 8111.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8111.0 

• Arrange dates in order (oldest to newest) in the Reference list.
• Use suffixes after the year when there are multiple publications from the same year. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list where these kinds of references are listed in alphabetical order by title (article, chapter or complete work).
• Only use the year and the suffix in the in-text citation, even when the reference list entry has a more specific date (e.g. Year and season).

Example:

Studies suggest … (Clark, 2006a, 2006b, 2008).

Example:

Clark, A. (2006a, Autumn). Flying the flag for mainstream Australia. Griffith Review, (11), 53-59. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/IELAPA.200602344

Clark, A. (2006b). Teaching the nation: Politics and pedagogy in Australian history. Melbourne University Press.

Clark, A. (2008). History’s children: History wars in the classroom. UNSW Press.

a) Co-authors – if co-authors share the same surname, use the standard author-date method of citation in-text.

b) Separate works – if the authors of separate works share the same surname, use the authors’ initials in-text.

a) A study found that … (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2013).

Goldenberg and Goldenberg (2013) found …

b) M. Reynolds (2012) states … but others disagree (H. Reynolds, 1987).

a) Goldenberg, H., & Goldenberg, I. (2013). Family therapy: An overview (8th ed.). BrooksCole, Cengage Learning.

b) Reynolds, H. (1987). Frontier. Allen & Unwin.

Reynolds, M. (2012). Hemingway: The 1930s through the final years. W. W. Norton & Co.

• If the author of a work is also the publisher, omit the name from the publisher element of the reference list entry.

(Author Surname/Organisation, Year)

Example:

(American Psychiatric Association, 2001)

Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

• If the author’s role remains of primary importance, editors, compilers, revisers, translators, or illustrators can also be acknowledged. Use abbreviations such as Ed., Comp., Rev., Trans., Illus.

(Author Surname, Year)

Example:

Research in the field of environmental psychology… (Levy-Leboyer, 1979/1982).

Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. (Initial. Surname, Role). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Levy-Leboyer, C. (1982). Psychology and environment (D. Cantor & I. Griffiths, Trans.). Sage. (Original work published 1979).

(Editor Surname, Year)

Example:

Roy (2006) states that …

Editor Surname, Initial. (Ed.). (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Roy, M. J. (Ed.). (2006). Novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (NATO Security Through Science Series). IOS Press.

• You must acknowledge both the primary and secondary source of information in-text. To do this, include the primary source first and then insert the words ‘as cited in’ before the secondary source (the secondary source is the one you are reading).
• In the Reference list, cite the secondary source only.
  

Examples:

Kelley (1978) stated … (as cited in Cauvin, 2018).

Public history refers to … (Kelley, 1978, as cited in Cauvin, 2018).

Author Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Cauvin, T. (2018). The rise of public history: An international perspective. Historia Critica, 68, 3-26. https://doi.org/10.7440/histcrit68.2018.01

• The title is not included in-text. Include the title in the reference list.
• Use the following abbreviations:
  • Sr for Senior
  • Jr for Junior
  • II for Second
  • III for Third, and so on.
    

Example:

Selling properties … (Grau, 2016).

Example:

Grau, D., Sr. (2016). Buying, selling, and valuing financial practices: The FP transitions M&A guide. Wiley.

a) When author given names are hyphenated, include a period after the first initial, followed by a hyphen and the second initial (with no spaces between these elements).

b) When author surnames are hyphenated (e.g. Garcia-Duque), write them as they appear on the source.

c) Two-part author surnames are also written as they appear on the source work.

Examples:

a) Classroom teaching … (Chang et al., 2020).

b) The relationship between … (Florez et al., 2019).

c) Van de Poll (2013) warns that …

Examples:

a) Chang, C.-J., Liu, C.-C., Wen, C.-T., Tseng, L.-W., Chang, H.-Y., Chang, M.-H., Fan Chiang, S.-H., & Yang, C.-W. (2020). The impact of light-weight inquiry with computer simulations on science learning in classrooms. Computers & Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103770

b) Florez, D., Garcia-Duque, C. E., & Osorio, J. C. (2019). Is technology (still) applied science? Technology in Society. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101193

c) Van de Poll, E. (2013). Europe and the gospel: Past influences, current developments, mission challenges. Versita.