| 1. SPECIFIC DATES |
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a) Year – use only the year for books, journals and audiovisual material.
b) Including the month or season – if a magazine or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month or season
c) Including the day – for dailies and weeklies, include the day
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname, Year)
Examples:
a) The environmental aspects of … (Calder, 2009).
b) Increased government support … (Clark, 2006).
c) Strategies to assist … (Murray, 2001).
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| Reference |
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a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
b) Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month/Season). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
c) Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Examples:
a) Calder, A. (2009). Compliance for a green IT: A pocket guide. Ely, England: IT Governance.
b) Clark, A. (2006, Autumn). Flying the flag for mainstream Australia. Griffith Review, (11), 53-59.
c) Murray, E. (2001, May 9). Refugee crisis! [Letter to the editor]. Weekend Australian, p. A13.
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a) If the source does not include a date of publication, use n.d. in place of the year, which means ‘no date’.
b) When the year is not known but can be reliably estimated, use ‘ca.’ (the abbreviation for circa) before the date and use square brackets in the Reference list.
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| In-text |
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a) (Author, n.d.)
b) (Author, Estimated Year)
Example:
a) Free copyright licenses … (Creative Commons, n.d.).
b) Lloyd Webber’s (ca. 1970) musical …
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a) Author Surname, Initial. (n.d.). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
b) Author Surname, Initial. [ca. Estimated Year]. See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Example:
a) Creative Commons. (n.d.). Share your work. Retrieved from https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/
b) Lloyd Webber, A. [ca. 1970]. Jesus Christ superstar. London: Leeds Music.
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- For 2nd or later editions, include the edition number after the title, in brackets.
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname, Year)
Example:
The American Psychiatric Association (2001) states …
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| Reference |
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Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example:
American Psychiatric Association. (2001). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
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- If a title has two subtitles, use a colon between the title and subtitle, and a semi-colon between the subtitle and the second subtitle.
- In the reference list, italicise the title of works that stand alone (e.g. books, e-books, reports, films, videos, TV shows). Do not italicise the title of works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. journal articles, book chapters, newspaper articles, webpages).
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname, Year)
Example:
Church laws would show … (Church of England, 1877).
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Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). Title: Subtitle; Second subtitle. See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.
Example:
Church of England. Archdeaconry of Maidstone. (1877). The church in its divine constitution and office, and in its relations with the civil power: A charge delivered to the clergy of the Archdeaconry of Maidstone at the ordinary visitation in May 1877; With notes (Talbot Collection of British Pamphlets). Retrieved from https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t0qr5116j&view=1up&seq=11
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a) DOI – when a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is required. The letters doi are lower case followed immediately by a colon.
b) No DOI – if no DOI is assigned to books, journal articles or reports, give the URL of the publication’s home page, even if you used a database to locate the work.
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| In-text |
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(Author Surname, Year)
Examples:
a) A study states that … (Radford, 2001).
b) MacLean (2014) states that …
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| Reference |
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a) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Range. doi:DOI Number
b) Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Range. Retrieved from URL
Examples:
a) Radford, M. (2001). Aesthetic and religious awareness among pupils: Similarities and differences. British Journal of Music Education, 18, 151-159. doi:10.1017/S0265051701000249
b) MacLean, M. (2014). Truth and reality in screening sports’ pasts: Sports films, public history and truthfulness. Journal of Sport History, 41(1), 47-54. Retrieved from http://www.journalofsporthistory.org/
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