2. Variations in authors/creators

• Include the author surname and the year of publication in every in-text citation.

(Author Surname, Year)

Examples:

The environmental aspects of… (Calder, 2009).

Calder (2009) states that …

Author Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Calder, A. (2009). Compliance for green IT: A pocket guide. Ely, England: IT Governance.

• Include both author surnames and the year of publication in every in-text citation.
• Cite the authors in the order they appear in the source.
• Use ‘&’ when in brackets and in the Reference list. Use ‘and’ in running text.

(Author A Surname & Author B Surname, Year)

Examples:

The research challenges… (Bernstein & Tiegerman, 1989).

Bernstein and Tiegerman (1989) have illustrated…

Author A Surname, Initial., & Author B Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Bernstein, D. K., & Tiegerman, E. (1989). Language and communication disorders in children (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill.

• In-text, cite all author surnames the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations, provide only the first author surname followed by et al. and year of publication.
• Cite the authors in the order they appear in the source.

(Author A Surname, Author B Surname, Author C Surname, Author D Surname, & Author E Surname, Year) (first citation)

(Author A Surname et al., Year) (subsequent citations)

Examples:

(Curwen, Palmer, & Ruddell, 2000) (first citation)

(Curwen et al., 2000) (subsequent citations)

Author A Surname, Initial., Author B Surname, Initial., Author C Surname, Initial., Author D Surname, Initial., & Author E Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive behaviour therapy. London, England: Sage.

• Provide the first author surname only, followed by “et al.” and year of publication for every in-text citation.
• Reference list:

a) up to and including seven authors – list all author names

b) for more than seven authors – give the first six author names, followed by an ellipses (…) and then the last author.

• Cite the authors in the order they appear in the source.

(First Author Surname et al., Year)

Examples:

Vaillancourt et al. (2010) discussed Aboriginal identity as …

Strategies aimed at the prevention of bullying in schools … (Vaillancourt et al., 2010).

a) (Anonymous, Year)

b) (Title (shortened), Year)

(“Title (shortened),” Year)

Examples:

a) … as was argued (Anonymous, 1996).

b) These effects can be seen in … (Psychological effects, 1999).

Psychological effects (1999) illustrated that …

The case aligns with … (“Psychotherapy,” 2019).

a) Anonymous. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

b) Title/Title. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Examples:

a) Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors: A novel of politics. New York, NY: Random House.

b) Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction: A survey of the psychological side of so-called “designer drugs”. (1999). Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House.

Psychotherapy. (2019). In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 12, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy

• Corporate (Group) author names are usually spelt out in-text. However, they can be abbreviated if the name is long and the abbreviation can be easily understood.
• Full official names of group authors such as associations or government agencies should be used. Parent bodies precede subdivisions. File by the first significant word.

(Organisation, Year)

Examples:

a) Church laws would show … (Church of England, 1877).

b) Nicotine has been shown … (United States, Public Health Service, 1988).

c) Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2006) data … (first citation)

ABS (2006) findings show … (second and subsequent citations)

Organisation. Subdivision Name. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Examples:

a) Church of England. (1877). The church in its divine constitution and office, and in its relations with the civil power: A charge delivered to the clergy of the Archdeaconry of Maidstone at the ordinary visitation in May 1877; With notes (Talbot Collection of British Pamphlets). Retrieved from https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t0qr5116j&view=1up&seq=11

b) United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. (1988). The health consequence of smoking: Nicotine addiction; A report of the Surgeon General (DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406). Rockville, MD: Office of Smoking and Health.

c) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Measures of Australia’s progress (Catalogue No. 1370.0). Canberra, Australia: Author. 

• Arrange dates in order (oldest to newest) in the Reference list.
• Use suffixes after the year when there are multiple publications from the same year. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list where these kinds of references are listed in alphabetical order by title (article, chapter or complete work).

Example:

Studies suggest … (Clark, 2006a, 2006b, 2008).

Example:

Clark, A. (2006a, Autumn). Flying the flag for mainstream Australia. Griffith Review, (11), 53-59.

Clark, A. (2006b). Teaching the nation: Politics and pedagogy in Australian history. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press.

Clark, A. (2008). History’s children: History wars in the classroom. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.

a) Co-authors

b) Separate works – if you need to distinguish between authors, use the authors’ initials in-text.

a) A study found that … (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2013).

Goldenberg and Goldenberg (2013) found …

b) M. Reynolds (2012) states … but others disagree (H. Reynolds, 1987).

a) Goldenberg, H., & Goldenberg, I. (2013). Family therapy: An overview (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: BrooksCole, Cengage Learning.

b) Reynolds, H. (1987). Frontier. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.

Reynolds, M. (2012). Hemingway: The 1930s through the final years. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.

(Author Surname/Organisation, Year)

Example:

… (American Psychiatric Association, 2001).

Author Surname/Organisation, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

• If the author’s role remains of primary importance, editors, compilers, revisers, translators, or illustrators can also be acknowledged. Use abbreviations such as Ed., Comp., Rev., Trans., Illus.

(Author Surname, Year)

Example:

Research in the field of environmental psychology… (Levy-Leboyer, 1979/1982).

Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title. (Editor Initial. Surname, Role). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Levy-Leboyer, C. (1982). Psychology and environment (D. Cantor & I. Griffiths, Trans.). Beverley Hills, CA: Sage. (Original work published 1979).

(Editor Surname, Year)

Example:

Roy (2006) states that …

Editor Surname, Initial. (Ed.). (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Roy, M. J. (Ed.). (2006). Novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (NATO Security Through Science Series). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS.

• You must acknowledge both the primary and secondary source of information in-text. To do this, include the primary source first and then insert the words ‘as cited in’ before the secondary source (the secondary source is the one you are reading).
• In the Reference list, cite the secondary source only.
  

Example:

Kelley (1978) stated … (as cited in Cauvin, 2018).

Public history refers to … (Kelley, 1978, as cited in Cauvin, 2018).

Author Surname, Initial. (Year). See guidelines for appropriate source type to complete citation.

Example:

Cauvin, T. (2018). The rise of public history: An international perspective. Historia Critica, 68, 3-26. doi:10.7440/histcrit68.2018.01

• The title is not included in-text. Include the title in the reference list.
• Use the following abbreviations:
  • Sr for Senior
  • Jr for Junior
  • II for Second
  • III for Third, and so on.
    

Example:

Selling properties … (Grau, 2016).

Example:

Grau, D., Sr. (2016). Buying, selling, and valuing financial practices: the FP transitions M&A guide. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.